EuRBPDB

Note: to get the extension of tumor abbreviations.

Cancer Related Information
Basic Information

Cancer associated literatures

PID	Title	Article	Time	Author	Doi
23988223	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene over expression correlates with poor prognosis in non small cell lung cancer patients.	Mol Cancer	2013 Aug 29	Puzone R	doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-97.
19161537	Expression of CPEB, GAPDH and U6snRNA in cervical and ovarian tissue during cancer development.	APMIS	2009 Jan	Hansen CN	doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00015.x.
15001839	Cten mRNA expression is correlated with tumor progression in thymoma.	Tumour Biol	2003 Sep-Oct	Sasaki H	-
17597534	GAPDH is not regulated in human glioblastoma under hypoxic conditions.	BMC Mol Biol	2007 Jun 27	Said HM	-
22350014	Over-expression of GAPDH in human colorectal carcinoma as a preferred target of 3-bromopyruvate propyl ester.	J Bioenerg Biomembr	2012 Feb	Tang Z	doi: 10.1007/s10863-012-9420-9
25944804	Highly Expressed Genes in Rapidly Proliferating Tumor Cells as New Targets for Colorectal Cancer Treatment.	Clin Cancer Res	2015 Aug 15	Bazzocco S	doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2457
19800890	Direct binding of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to telomeric DNA protects telomeres against chemotherapy-induced rapid degradation.	J Mol Biol	2009 Dec 11	Demarse NA	doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.09.062
21979951	Akt2 kinase suppresses glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via phosphorylating GAPDH at threonine 237 and decreasing its nuclear translocation.	J Biol Chem	2011 Dec 9	Huang Q	doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.296905
17540725	Involvement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated death of thyroid cancer cells.	Endocrinology	2007 Sep	Du ZX	-
26713364	Hsp70 chaperone rescues C6 rat glioblastoma cells from oxidative stress by sequestration of aggregating GAPDH.	Biochem Biophys Res Commun	2016 Feb 12	Lazarev VF	doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.076
22847419	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) induces cancer cell senescence by interacting with telomerase RNA component.	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	2012 Aug 14	Nicholls C	doi: 10.1073/pnas.1206672109
16515701	The effect of bisphosphonates on gene expression: GAPDH as a housekeeping or a new target gene?	BMC Cancer	2006 Mar 3	Valenti MT	-
21338575	Up-regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression by HIF-1 activity depending on Sp1 in hypoxic breast cancer cells.	Arch Biochem Biophys	2011 May 1	Higashimura Y	doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.011
20664973	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a surface associated antigen on human breast cancer cell lines MACL-1 and MGSO-3.	Oncol Rep	2010 Sep	Correa CR	-
17553795	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances transcriptional activity of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells.	J Biol Chem	2007 Aug 3	Harada N	-
19747091	Molecular characterization of tumor associated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.	Biochemistry (Mosc)	2009 Jul	Patra S	-
25785838	Stromal cells positively and negatively modulate the growth of cancer cells: stimulation via the PGE2-TNFα-IL-6 pathway and inhibition via secreted GAPDH-E-cadherin interaction.	PLoS One	2015 Mar 18	Kawada M	doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119415
27878251	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promotes cancer growth and metastasis through upregulation of SNAIL expression.	Int J Oncol	2017 Jan	Liu K	doi: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3774

Differential Expression

Expression in 33 cancers

Mutations

Cancer	Chr	Position	Mutation Type	dbSNP	Protein-change	Allele Freq
BLCA	chr12	6536504	Missense_Mutation	novel	I14V	0.13
BLCA	chr12	6538223	3'UTR	novel		0.29
BLCA	chr12	6537949	Silent	novel	A297A	0.17
BLCA	chr12	6537950	Missense_Mutation	novel	G298W	0.14
BLCA	chr12	6536584	Silent	novel	L40L	0.04
BLCA	chr12	6537214	Missense_Mutation	novel	I147M	0.39
BLCA	chr12	6536717	Missense_Mutation	novel	K55E	0.07
BLCA	chr12	6536909	Intron	novel		0.08
BRCA	chr12	6537608	Missense_Mutation	novel	T184A	0.33
BRCA	chr12	6537716	Missense_Mutation	NA	V220L	0.33
BRCA	chr12	6538176	3'UTR	rs3211592		0.45
CESC	chr12	6537657	Missense_Mutation	NA	R200L	0.28
CESC	chr12	6536957	Missense_Mutation	NA	A92T	0.09
CESC	chr12	6534814	5'UTR	novel		0.2
COAD	chr12	6536563	Silent	novel	I33I	0.37
COAD	chr12	6536989	Missense_Mutation	novel	F102L	0.11
COAD	chr12	6538190	3'UTR	novel		0.9
COAD	chr12	6536911	Intron	novel		0.38
COAD	chr12	6537112	Frame_Shift_Del	NA	*G115Efs21**	0.14
ESCA	chr12	6537112	Frame_Shift_Del	NA	*G115Efs21**	0.26
ESCA	chr12	6536726	Missense_Mutation	novel	G58S	0.16
GBM	chr12	6536991	Missense_Mutation	novel	T103S	0.41
GBM	chr12	6536865	Intron	novel		0.37
GBM	chr12	6536792	Splice_Site	novel	X79_splice	0.42
GBM	chr12	6537932	Missense_Mutation	NA	S292A	0.34
HNSC	chr12	6537342	Silent	novel	P159P	0.29
HNSC	chr12	6537211	Silent	novel	I146I	0.14
HNSC	chr12	6537725	Missense_Mutation	novel	E223K	0.13
HNSC	chr12	6537679	Silent	novel	I207I	0.47
KIRP	chr12	6537312	Frame_Shift_Del	novel	*N149Kfs15**	0.24
LIHC	chr12	6534529	5'UTR	novel		1
LUAD	chr12	6537855	Missense_Mutation	rs11549316	S266L	0.1
LUAD	chr12	6536974	Missense_Mutation	novel	E97D	0.1
LUAD	chr12	6537967	Silent	rs138528853	L303L	0.32
LUAD	chr12	6537850	Frame_Shift_Del	novel	*S266Pfs100**	0.08
LUSC	chr12	6537613	Missense_Mutation	NA	Q185H	0.32
LUSC	chr12	6536741	Missense_Mutation	NA	E63K	0.41
LUSC	chr12	6537752	Missense_Mutation	novel	A232T	0.08
LUSC	chr12	6538137	Silent	novel	V325V	0.29
OV	chr12	6537376	Missense_Mutation	NA	V171L	0.18
PRAD	chr12	6536594	Splice_Site	novel	X43_splice	0.39
SARC	chr12	6538151	Missense_Mutation	novel	H330P	0.22
SKCM	chr12	6536507	Missense_Mutation	novel	G15R	0.31
SKCM	chr12	6536508	Missense_Mutation	novel	G15E	0.3
SKCM	chr12	6538176	3'UTR	rs3211592		0.54
SKCM	chr12	6534841	Silent	novel	K3K	0.09
SKCM	chr12	6534842	Missense_Mutation	rs367765818	V4M	0.09
SKCM	chr12	6537293	Intron	novel		0.11
SKCM	chr12	6537117	Missense_Mutation	NA	G115E	0.38
SKCM	chr12	6538101	Nonsense_Mutation	NA	W313*	0.32
SKCM	chr12	6537115	Silent	rs763523311	G114G	0.42
STAD	chr12	6537770	Missense_Mutation	novel	A238S	0.15
STAD	chr12	6536914	Splice_Region	novel		0.36
STAD	chr12	6537689	Missense_Mutation	novel	T211A	0.27
STAD	chr12	6537977	Frame_Shift_Del	novel	*V308Lfs3**	0.55
STAD	chr12	6537840	Missense_Mutation	NA	V261A	0.26
UCEC	chr12	6536595	Splice_Site	novel	X43_splice	0.39
UCEC	chr12	6537661	Silent	novel	G201G	0.42
UCEC	chr12	6537193	Nonsense_Mutation	novel	Y140*	0.1
UCEC	chr12	6537907	Silent	novel	S283S	0.4
UCEC	chr12	6536949	Missense_Mutation	NA	D89G	0.58
UCEC	chr12	6538219	3'UTR	rs559712947		0.11
UCEC	chr12	6536921	Nonsense_Mutation	rs755829002	R80*	0.17
UCEC	chr12	6536510	Missense_Mutation	rs758911385	R16C	0.32
UCEC	chr12	6536889	Intron	novel		0.35
UCEC	chr12	6537945	Missense_Mutation	novel	D296G	0.06
UCEC	chr12	6537940	Silent	NA	T294T	0.2
UCEC	chr12	6536788	Splice_Region	novel	Q78Q	0.14
UCEC	chr12	6537003	Missense_Mutation	novel	K107R	0.12
UCEC	chr12	6536966	Missense_Mutation	rs371192512	V95I	0.18
UCEC	chr12	6538195	3'UTR	rs770280504		0.43
UCS	chr12	6536935	Missense_Mutation	novel	K84N	0.47

Copy Number Variations (CNVs)

Cancer	Type	Freq	Q-value
DLBC	DEL	0.1042	0.11856
MESO	DEL	0.0805	0.17495
PAAD	DEL	0.125	0.0019175
TGCT	AMP	0.9467	3.5918e-21
THYM	AMP	0.0325	0.24554

Survival Analysis

Cancer	P-value	Q-value
KIRC	0.00047	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
MESO	0.0001	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
ACC	0.046	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
HNSC	0.00037	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
SKCM	0.048	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
KIRP	0.00018	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
PAAD	0.014	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
BLCA	0.012	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
CESC	0.0066	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
KICH	0.0042	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
GBM	0.032	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
LIHC	0.0001	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
LGG	0.00021	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
LUAD	0.0001	Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis

Drugs

Cell lines and drugs in GSE70138 or GSE92742

Description

RBPome

Literatures

Expression

Transcripts

Gene Model

Pathways

PPI

Orthologs

Gene Ontology

Description

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000111640 (Gene tree)
Gene ID: 2597
Gene Symbol: GAPDH
Alias: GAPD
Full Name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Gene Type: protein_coding
Species: Homo_sapiens
Status: confidence
Strand: Plus strand
Length: 4,449 bases
Position: chr12:6,533,927-6,538,375
Accession: 4141
RBP type: non-canonical RBP
Summary: This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

RNA binding proteome (RBPome)

PID	Title	Method	Time	Author	Doi
30607034	Comprehensive identification of RNA protein interactions in any organism using orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS)	OOPS & HEK293	2019 Jan 3	Queiroz RML	DOI: 10.1038/s41587-018-0001-2
30528433	The Human RNA-Binding Proteome and Its Dynamics during Translational Arrest	XRNAX & HEK293	2018 Dec 6	Trendel J	DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.004
29431736	Capturing the interactome of newly transcribed RNA	RICK & Hela	2018 Feb 12	Bao X	DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4595
30528433	The Human RNA-Binding Proteome and Its Dynamics during Translational Arrest	XRNAX & Hela	2018 Dec 6	Trendel J	DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.004
30607034	Comprehensive identification of RNA protein interactions in any organism using orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS)	OOPS & MCF10A	2019 Jan 3	Queiroz RML	DOI: 10.1038/s41587-018-0001-2
30528433	The Human RNA-Binding Proteome and Its Dynamics during Translational Arrest	XRNAX & MCF7	2018 Dec 6	Trendel J	DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.004
30607034	Comprehensive identification of RNA protein interactions in any organism using orthogonal organic phase separation (OOPS)	OOPS & U2OS	2019 Jan 3	Queiroz RML	DOI: 10.1038/s41587-018-0001-2

Literatures on RNA binding capacity

PID	Title	Article	Time	Author	Doi
19650766	Oxidative modifications of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase play a key role in its multiple cellular functions.	Biochem J	2009 Sep 25	Hwang NR	doi: 10.1042/BJ20090854.
10964654	Identification of the NAD(+)-binding fold of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a novel RNA-binding domain.	Biochem Biophys Res Commun	2000 Aug 28	Nagy E	-
7626640	Uracil DNA-glycosylase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is an Ap4A binding protein.	Biochemistry	1995 Aug 1	Baxi MD	-
26564736	The sweet side of RNA regulation: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a noncanonical RNA-binding protein.	Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA	2016 Jan-Feb	White MR	doi: 10.1002/wrna.1315
21236242	Binding of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to the cis-acting element of structure-anchored repression in ccn2 mRNA.	Biochem Biophys Res Commun	2011 Feb 18	Kondo S	doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.034
15519297	Mapping tissue-specific genes correlated with age-dependent changes in protein stability and function.	Arch Biochem Biophys	2004 Dec 1	Wisser KC	-
29574117	GAPDH as a model non-canonical AU-rich RNA binding protein.	Semin Cell Dev Biol	2019 Feb	Garcin ED	doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.013
30209975	Thyroid hormone (T3) stimulates brown adipose tissue activation via mitochondrial biogenesis and MTOR-mediated mitophagy.	Autophagy	2019 Jan	Yau WW	doi: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1511263
10814569	Specific interaction between the hepatitis delta virus RNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: an enhancement on ribozyme catalysis.	Virology	2000 May 25	Lin SS	-
19937810	Selection of reference genes for real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in hippocampal structure in a murine model of temporal lobe epilepsy with focal seizures.	J Neurosci Res	2010 Apr	Pernot F	doi: 10.1002/jnr.22282.
18460208	Identification of valid reference genes for the normalization of RT qPCR gene expression data in human brain tissue.	BMC Mol Biol	2008 May 6	Coulson DT	doi: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-46.
22475447	Validation of reference genes for ovarian tissue from capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).	Zygote	2013 May	Brito AB	doi: 10.1017/S0967199411000748
22023793	Reference gene validation for qPCR in rat carotid body during postnatal development.	BMC Res Notes	2011 Oct 24	Kim I	doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-440.
25573171	Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in lung cancer in vitro.	Mol Med Rep	2015 May	Ali H	doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3159
25288528	Structural insights into RNA recognition properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	IUBMB Life	2014 Sep	Shen H	doi: 10.1002/iub.1313
28677248	Identification of suitable reference genes during the formation of chlamydospores in Clonostachys rosea 67-1.	Microbiologyopen	2017 Oct	Zhang J	doi: 10.1002/mbo3.505

Expression

Transcripts

Transcript ID	Name	Length	RefSeq ID	Protein ID	Length	RefSeq ID	UniportKB ID
ENST00000466525	GAPDH-206	1720	-	-	- (aa)	-	-
ENST00000396856	GAPDH-202	1266	-	ENSP00000380065	260 (aa)	-	E7EUT5
ENST00000396861	GAPDH-205	1348	-	ENSP00000380070	335 (aa)	-	P04406
ENST00000396859	GAPDH-204	1256	-	ENSP00000380068	335 (aa)	-	P04406
ENST00000466588	GAPDH-207	1363	-	-	- (aa)	-	-
ENST00000474249	GAPDH-208	1333	-	-	- (aa)	-	-
ENST00000496049	GAPDH-210	390	-	-	- (aa)	-	-
ENST00000492719	GAPDH-209	930	-	-	- (aa)	-	-
ENST00000619601	GAPDH-211	1086	-	ENSP00000478864	293 (aa)	-	P04406
ENST00000396858	GAPDH-203	1292	-	ENSP00000380067	293 (aa)	-	P04406
ENST00000229239	GAPDH-201	1875	-	ENSP00000229239	335 (aa)	-	P04406

Gene Model

Click here to download ENSG00000111640's gene model file

Pathways

Pathway ID	Pathway Name	Source
hsa00010	Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis	KEGG
hsa01100	Metabolic pathways	KEGG
hsa01200	Carbon metabolism	KEGG
hsa01230	Biosynthesis of amino acids	KEGG
hsa04066	HIF-1 signaling pathway	KEGG
hsa05010	Alzheimer disease	KEGG

Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI)

Clik here to download ENSG00000111640's network

* RBP PPI network refers to all genes directly bind to RBP

Orthologs identified by RBPome

Ensembl ID	Gene Symbol	Coverage	Identiy	Ortholog	Gene Symbol	Coverage	Identiy	Species
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	98	82.422	WBGene00001684	gpd-2	99	75.000	Caenorhabditis_elegans
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	98	80.078	WBGene00001683	gpd-1	99	72.941	Caenorhabditis_elegans
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	98	80.078	WBGene00001686	gpd-4	99	72.941	Caenorhabditis_elegans
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	100	94.539	ENSMUSG00000057666	Gapdh	100	93.929	Mus_musculus
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	98	69.020	YGR192C	TDH3	99	65.046	Saccharomyces_cerevisiae
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	98	68.235	YJR009C	TDH2	99	64.742	Saccharomyces_cerevisiae
ENSG00000111640	GAPDH	98	69.020	YJL052W	TDH1	99	64.438	Saccharomyces_cerevisiae

Gene Ontology

Go ID	Go_term	PubmedID	Evidence	Category
GO:0000226	microtubule cytoskeleton organization	-	ISS	Process
GO:0004365	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity	21873635.	IBA	Function
GO:0004365	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity	-	ISS	Function
GO:0004365	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity	3170585.7030790.	NAS	Function
GO:0005515	protein binding	11724794.15628863.16169070.16799092.17540579.20029029.20392205.20849852.21044950.23348613.23355646.23823123.24658140.25417112.29128334.	IPI	Function
GO:0005634	nucleus	21630459.	HDA	Component
GO:0005634	nucleus	-	ISS	Component
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	11785981.24507776.	IDA	Component
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	-	ISS	Component
GO:0005811	lipid droplet	14741744.	IDA	Component
GO:0005829	cytosol	21873635.	IBA	Component
GO:0005829	cytosol	24101517.	IDA	Component
GO:0005829	cytosol	-	ISS	Component
GO:0005829	cytosol	-	TAS	Component
GO:0005886	plasma membrane	-	IDA	Component
GO:0006094	gluconeogenesis	-	TAS	Process
GO:0006096	glycolytic process	21873635.	IBA	Process
GO:0008017	microtubule binding	-	ISS	Function
GO:0010951	negative regulation of endopeptidase activity	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0015630	microtubule cytoskeleton	-	ISS	Component
GO:0016020	membrane	19946888.	HDA	Component
GO:0016241	regulation of macroautophagy	26626483.	TAS	Process
GO:0017148	negative regulation of translation	23071094.	IDA	Process
GO:0017148	negative regulation of translation	15479637.	IMP	Process
GO:0019828	aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	22832495.	IDA	Function
GO:0031640	killing of cells of other organism	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0031965	nuclear membrane	-	IDA	Component
GO:0031982	vesicle	19190083.	HDA	Component
GO:0035605	peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity	-	ISS	Function
GO:0035606	peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation	-	ISS	Process
GO:0042802	identical protein binding	20392205.21988832.	IPI	Function
GO:0043231	intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	-	IDA	Component
GO:0048471	perinuclear region of cytoplasm	-	IEA	Component
GO:0050661	NADP binding	-	IEA	Function
GO:0050715	positive regulation of cytokine secretion	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0050821	protein stabilization	-	ISS	Process
GO:0050832	defense response to fungus	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0051287	NAD binding	-	IEA	Function
GO:0051402	neuron apoptotic process	-	ISS	Process
GO:0051873	killing by host of symbiont cells	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0052501	positive regulation by organism of apoptotic process in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0061621	canonical glycolysis	-	TAS	Process
GO:0061844	antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide	22832495.	IDA	Process
GO:0070062	extracellular exosome	11487543.12519789.19056867.19199708.20458337.21362503.23533145.	HDA	Component
GO:0071346	cellular response to interferon-gamma	15479637.	IDA	Process
GO:0097452	GAIT complex	15479637.23071094.	IDA	Component
GO:0097718	disordered domain specific binding	11785981.	IPI	Function
GO:1990904	ribonucleoprotein complex	15479637.	IDA	Component

EuRBPDB

Note: to get the extension of tumor abbreviations.

Select Dataset :

Input Drug :

Input Cell Line :

Eesembl ID

Cell lines and drugs in GSE70138 or GSE92742

Description

RBPome

Literatures

Expression

Transcripts

Gene Model

Pathways

PPI

Orthologs

Gene Ontology

Note: Click here to get the extension of tumor abbreviations.

Select Dataset :

Input Drug :

Input Cell Line :

Eesembl ID

Cell lines and drugs in GSE70138 or GSE92742

Note: to get the extension of tumor abbreviations.